Hybrid System for Automobiles

As you will well appreciate, the issue of hybrid automobile systems has gained increased prominence in the recent past. This is as a result of the drawbacks associated with the conventional automobile systems currently in use and the potential benefits that hybrid systems can offer.At present, our company, like many automobile manufacturers, produces vehicles that run on the conventional internal combustion engine. Since this involves the combustion of fossil-based fuels such as gasoline and diesel, it is associated with the emission of noxious gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and waste hydrocarbons that significantly compound the problem of global warming in addition to increasing the risk of heart, lung, respiratory and eye illnesses.Fossil fuels are also manufactured from oil, which has recently been the subject of steep price hikes that affected many motorists.Hybrid systems are not only cleaner but also incur cheaper operational costs. They would gi ve our company an opportunity to demonstrate its social responsibility and commitment to the environment and generate positive PR spin offs for it. It would also help the firm generate more sales revenues and to maximize its profits.Towards this end, I have prepared a proposal that seeks to design, develop, and implement an automobile hybrid system to be incorporated into our vehicles. Given the time schedule, reliability, schedule visibility, clarity of technology and user requirements associated with the development of the proposed system, we propose to use a throwaway prototyping model, a type of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC).The entire project is expected to take one year, and will involve experts drawn from the different functional areas of the organization as well as outside consultants. Other resource requirements will include finances to purchase raw materials and modify existing production facilities.Given the unmistakable benefits that the hybrid automobile sys tem offers, there is no doubt that the benefits that our company will reap from its implementation will outweigh the costs by far. I will be glad to clarify or discuss with you any issues appertaining. Thank you.

College Essay Sample Essays

College Essay Sample Essays College Essay Sample Essay College Essay Sample Essay Essay Topic: College application When you are planning to apply to a prestigious University or college, you may be asked to pen down a college essay which is also known as college application essay. ProfEssays. com has a team of skilled writers who can help you draft college essay sample. In such essays you are required to decide first of all the content of your essay and then you can proceed with it. It doesn’t have a format as such but it is suggested that you be precise and articulate your choice of course and college in a well organized manner so that it is conveyed to the course in charge. Graduate School Essay Sample The main worry after passing out of the high school is getting admission into a good Graduate school. But it isn’t all that easy because you are required to go through the entire selection procedure. The first step to the graduate school is to write a fine quality graduate school essay sample. These graduate essays help the University select the suitable candidates for their particular college and course. It should reflect the real you and your potential to take up the course of your interest. It should reflect your determination and seriousness for the course so that the authorities are compelled to take you in. Sample essay paper #3 (Terrorism) Sample essay #4 (World Food and Nutrition) Sample essay #5 (Environmental Policy and Law) Sample research proposal #6 (Business Research Proposal) Well Drafted Research Proposal samples At University level when you plan to take up a particular subject of study to a higher level i. e. M. Phil or PhD you are required to present a Research Paper on that particular subject or topic. Before the submission of the research paper the scholar is asked to submit a research proposal sample to the instructor/guide. This research proposal is aimed at tracing the scholars potential for the research that he/she is planning to undertake. Therefore you need to ensure strategic deployment of all your writing tools and knowledge about the topic. If you find it complicated then you can always seek professional help from our trained writers.

Frances Economy Five Key Macroeconomic Variables

Frances Economy Five Key Macroeconomic Variables Introduction France is one of the largest and most advanced economies in the world. The country achieved its success through diversification of its economy and prudent management of the public sector finances. Unlike other developed countries, agriculture contributes significantly to economic development in France. The output from the agricultural sector comes from livestock and cash crops.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on France’s Economy: Five Key Macroeconomic Variables specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leading industries in the country include chemicals, automobiles, electronics, machinery, and textiles. The main minerals produced in the country include iron, bauxite, and coal. Nearly 75% of the country’s electricity is generated though nuclear energy. The government has since reduced its participation in the economy by privatizing most of its firms. This paper focuses on the economy of F rance by analyzing five of its key macroeconomic variables. These include unemployment rate, real interest rate, gross domestic product (GDP), inflation rate, and the current account balance. Additionally, policy recommendations will be suggested to help the country to revitalize its economy. The analysis will focus on the period between 1980 and 2012. Background France is among the leading producers of automobiles, aircrafts, cosmetics, and luxury goods. It also has highly advanced insurance, telecoms, power generation, and tourism industries. The country’s labor force has the largest number of graduates, especially, in science disciples per one thousand workers in the Euro-zone. Following the end of the Second World War, the country experienced a rapid economic growth due to its massive investment in agriculture. During this period, nearly 40% of the population was employed in the agricultural sector. The country’s GDP expanded at an average rate of 4.1% between 1945 and 1975. Rapid economic growth was maintained through several four-year development plans. These plans had economic development targets that were set by the government, but were mainly achieved by the private sector. From 1945 to 1986, the government focused on implementing policies of nationalization, as well as, intensive intervention in the economy. From 1981, Mitterrand’s regime focused on nationalizing major firms in key industries such as insurance, banking, and pharmaceuticals. Following the failure of the nationalization strategy, the country embarked on large-scale privatization of its firms in the 1990s.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, the government still holds a large proportion of shares in the countries major companies such as France Telecom and Renault. In the 1990s, the country’s economy maintained moderate grow th through investments in modern technologies such as the internet and the expansion of infrastructure. The formation of the European Union and the Euro-zone contributed to the country’s economic growth by providing a ready market for its exports. However, the economic crisis in Europe and the global economic downturn, which began in 2007, have led to severe reduction in the country’s growth rate. In 2009, the country’s â€Å"real GDP contracted by 2.6%, whereas unemployment rate increased from 7.4% to 10%†. Additionally, the country’s budget deficit as a percentage of GDP increased from 3.4% in 2008 to 7.5% in 2009. Public debt also increased from 68% to 89% of the GDP in the same period. Despite the efforts made by the government in the last five years, the country has not been able to achieve a growth rate above 2% or to reduce its unemployment rate below 10% (IMF, 2013). Overview of the Main Macroeconomic Variables France’s real interest rate, unemployment rate, GDP, current account balance, and inflation rate have greatly evolved in the last thirty years. Unemployment rate refers to the â€Å"percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed, but willing to work and actively seeking employment†. Figure 1, illustrates the fluctuation of unemployment in France in the last thirty years. According to figure 1, the country’s unemployment rate rose steadily from 8.07% in 1982 to 10.5% in1988. On average, the unemployment rate during this period was 9.56%. Following the implementation of expansionary fiscal policy that led to a 4.67% GDP growth in 1988, the unemployment rate reduced to 8.98% in 1990 (IMF, 2013). However, this recovery was short lived since the unemployment rate rose to 11.68% in 1994. From 1994 to 1999, the country’s average unemployment rate was 11.21%. The country maintained a less than 10% unemployment rate from 2000 to 2008. However, the 2008/2009 global economic downturn le d to an increase in unemployment rate above 10%.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on France’s Economy: Five Key Macroeconomic Variables specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the successes of the French economy has been its ability to maintain low inflation rate. Figure 2 indicates that the country’s inflation rate has been falling from 1982 to 2012. The inflation rate reduced from 11.98% in 1982 to 0.67% in 1998 (IMF, 2013). However, it rose to 1.92% in 2012. The country’s real interest rate has also been falling steadily in the last twenty years as shown in figure 3. Concisely it reduced from 2.4% in 1993 to 0.12% in 2012 (World Bank, 2013). Figure 4 indicates that France’s current account balance has been very volatile in the last thirty years. The country’s current account was in deficit between 1982 and 1990. However, it recovered steadily after 1992, thereby reaching a surplus of 3.15% of GDP by 1999 (IMF, 2013). From 2000, the current account has been declining steadily, thereby reaching a deficit of -1.75% of GDP in 2012. Since 1982, the country’s highest GDP growth was 4.67% in 1988, whereas the lowest growth was -3.15 in 2009. Table 1 presents the data used to generate figure 1 to 4. Macroeconomic Analysis France experienced a high unemployment rate (above 10%) between 1985 and 1988; 1993 and 1999; and 2011 and 2012. The high unemployment rate during these periods is mainly attributed to the conditions in the country’s labor market. France has one of the highest payroll taxes in the world. The country charges 43% payroll tax, which is higher than the rate in nearly all developed countries. For instance, the United States of America charges 5%, whereas the UK charges 11%. The high payroll tax has contributed significantly to the reduction of the competitiveness of French companies. In order to maintain their competiveness, most Fr ench companies have resorted to outsourcing non-core business activities from low wage countries. In particular, most companies, especially, in the manufacturing sector have relocated their production plants to countries such as China and India, which have cheap labor. This strategy has led to exportation of jobs as companies reduce their workers in order to lower operating costs. For instance, Peugeot, one of the leading automobiles manufacturers in the country, dismissed 8,000 workers in 2012 in order to reduce its labor costs. From 2000, the government focused on implementing several reforms in order to boost employment in the private sector. The reforms included a reduction of payroll taxes for employees earning the minimum wage, as well as, allowing tax breaks for firms that employ young people or trainees.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These reforms partly contributed to the slight reduction of unemployment between 2000 and 2003. Nonetheless, these reforms did not achieve much since unemployment rate began to increase from 2004. Protection of employee rights is another problem that leads to high unemployment rate in France. The labor unions in France have a lot of influence in the labor market. They always participate in the negotiation of salaries and working conditions in most industries. Consequently, French workers benefit from job security and guaranteed salary levels. Providing these benefits has been a great challenge to small businesses due to their limited financial resources. Consequently, they are reluctant to create new jobs for fear of the penalties associated with dismissing workers or paying low wages. Low qualification is the major cause of unemployment among the youth. Due to the high competition in the job market, most employers prefer to hire experienced workers rather than fresh graduates from collages. Fresh graduates (youth) are expensive to employers since they have to be trained before they adapt to the work environment. Finally, the high employment rate in 2012 is attributed to dismal economic growth that began in 2007. Figure 1 shows that unemployment has been increasing as GDP growth reduces from 2007. The low economic growth has led to reduced profits, thereby limiting the ability of firms to create new jobs or to sustain existing ones. According to figure 2, France’s inflation rate was highest in 1982. This is partly attributed to the 1978-1979 oil shock that led to a sharp increase in prices of goods. The increase in oil prices in late 1970s led to an increase in the cost of production, thereby causing a general rise in the prices of goods. As the economy recovered from the oil shock, inflation began to reduce, reaching a low of 2.5% in 1986. Following the expansion of GDP by 4.67% in 1988, the inflation rate rose to 3.5% in 1989 (IMF, 2013). An increase in economic growth is normally accompanied by increased expenditure in the private and the public sector, thereby increasing inflationary pressure. Since 1990, France has maintained an inflation rate below 3%. This low rate of inflation is mainly attributed to slow economic growth and slack in the economy. According to figure 2, inflation tends to be falling when GDP growth is reducing. The logic behind this trend is that slow economic growth lead to low GDP per capita. The resulting reduction in purchasing power leads to a fall in the demand for goods and services. Consequently, firms reduce their prices in order to remain competitive. This reduction in prices leads to low inflation rate. In 2009, the GDP contracted by -3.1%, thereby causing a near deflation situation (0.09% inflation rate). The reduction in real interest rate in the last three decades was caused by intense regulation of the banking sector. Concisely, banking-sector regulations did not permit the increase of nomina l interest rates to compensate for the loss of currency value due to inflation. Consequently, real interest rates reduced as inflation increased. Even though the government liberalized the banking sector in late 1990s, the real interest rates did not rise. This is because France’s central bank lowered its lending rate in order to spur economic growth. Current account balance refers to a country’s net import of goods and services, as well as, net transfer payment and earnings from sources such as rent. In the last three decades, France’s current account has been in deficit except for the period between 1992 and 2004. The deficit that occurred before 1992 was due to the high labor costs that led to outsourcing by most French companies. Concisely, most companies relocated their production plants to overseas economies with cheap labor. Additionally, some companies outsourced their back office operations to foreign countries. This led to increased imports, thereby ca using the current account deficit. The deficit that occurred after 2004 is mainly attributed to France’s participation in the Euro-zone. In particular, the deficit has been caused by the monetary union in the Euro-zone. The use of a common currency means that France’s exchange rate in the Euro-zone is fixed. Consequently, its currency cannot depreciate relative to other Euro-zone countries such as Germany in order to boost exports and reduce imports. Figure 4 indicates that France’s current account has been worsening when its GDP is falling and vice versa. This implies that the reduction in productivity as indicated by a reduction in GDP limits the country’s ability to export. Arising GDP, on the other hand, implies increased productivity that increase the country’s ability to export, thereby improving the current account balance. According to figure 5, France has been able to achieve a rapid growth in its per capita GDP since 1800. Consequently, i t has been able to catch-up with other developed countries such Spain and Sweden (Gap-Minder, 2013). Nonetheless, figure 1to 4 shows that the country has not been able to maintain a rapid growth of its GDP in the last three decades. From 1982 to 2008, France’s average GDP growth was approximately 2%. Other advanced economies such as the USA grew by 3% over the same period. After 2008, France has not been able to achieve any growth above 1.6% (IMF, 2013). The factors that account for the poor performance include the following. To begin with, the economic model that spurred rapid growth after the Second World War lost its effectiveness from the 1970s to 1990s. This is because the country has been experiencing a sharp decline in returns on capital, labor productivity gains, and investments since 1970s. Low productivity among the working class has also contributed to the country’s poor economic growth. The number of hours dedicated to work per full-time employee has reduce d considerable in the last three decades. France’s investment efficiency has reduced substantially in the last four decades. Investment efficiency refers to the â€Å"variation in GDP in relation to net fixed capital formation†. The combined effect of low productivity gains and reduced investment efficiency led to a reduction in firm profits, thereby limiting growth. Consequently, firms focused on cost reduction and maintaining profitability rather than expanding their markets. The reduction in profits limited the firms’ ability to make new investments, thereby slowing job creation. The resulting increase in unemployment rate led to a reduction of wages. Consequently, aggregate demand fell, thereby discouraging economic growth in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the government introduced labor market reforms such as fixed-term contracts. These reforms enabled most firms to return to profitability. However, they did not succeed in enhancing domestic demand in order to pr omote economic growth. Even though investment rebound in late 1990s, France did not define a new economic model to sustain a rapid growth. Due to unfavorable labor market conditions and low profits, most French companies embarked on foreign direct investments in the 1990s. This strategy did not only lead to capital flight from the country, but also worsened its current account deficit and unemployment rate. France is yet to recover from the shocks of the Euro-zone crisis and the 2008/2009 economic downturn, which have reduced its economic growth in the last five years. Policy Recommendations The following suggestions can help France to return to rapid economic growth. To begin with, unemployment can be reduced through labor market reforms. These include wage compression that involves lowering the minimum wage rate and implementing a negative income tax. A lower minimum wage will encourage local firms to create new jobs, whereas a negative income tax will compensate employees for the income lost through the reduction of the minimum wage. The payroll tax should also be reduced in order to encourage local firms to create jobs by investing in France rather than relocating to other countries. The current account deficit can be corrected by increasing net exports outside the Euro-zone. This is because the depreciation of the Euro against other currencies will make France’s exports more competitive. The current account will improve as exports increase and imports reduce. The government can avoid deflation by loosening its monetary policy. The resulting increase in money supply will encourage investment and consumption, thereby preventing deflation. However, loosening monetary policy should be moderate in order to avoid high inflation. Finally, France should improve its economic growth by reforming its tax system. Concisely, it should raise taxes for the high-income earners and lower taxes for the low-income earners. This will ensure that the government has ade quate tax revenue without discouraging expenditure among the low-income earners. Reducing the budget deficit to 3% of the GDP will negate the need for austerity measures in future, thereby encouraging growth through public and private expenditure. Conclusion The aim of this paper was to analyze the French economy. In particular, it focused on the evolution of the economy’s GDP, unemployment rate, inflation rate, current account balance, and real interest rate in the last three decades. Results show that GDP growth has remained dismal in the last thirty years. The factors that account for the slow growth include high labor costs, lack of an effective growth model, and low investment efficiency. The current account has been deteriorating. Similarly, high unemployment has been a persistent problem. Nonetheless, the real interest rate and inflation have been declining. In light of these revelations, the government should take immediate measures to improve the economy. Appendix Fi gure 1: Unemployment rate Verses GDP growth Figure 2: Inflation rate Verses GDP growth Figure 3: Real Interest Rate Verses GDP Growth Figure 4: Current Account Balance Verses GDP Growth Figure 5: Gap-Minder Table 1: Data for figure 1 to 4 yeas GDP Inflation Unemployment CA Bal Interest rate 1982 2.418 11.978 8.069 -2.099 1983 1.227 9.46 8.421 -0.853 1984 1.499 7.674 9.771 -0.145 1985 1.614 5.831 10.23 -0.064 1986 2.252 2.539 10.363 0.31 1987 2.387 3.289 10.5 -0.484 1988 4.671 2.701 10.006 -0.465 1989 4.184 3.498 9.396 -0.46 1990 2.625 3.38 8.975 -0.791 1991 1.034 3.217 9.467 -0.495 1992 1.478 2.366 9.85 0.279 1993 -0.665 2.106 11.117 0.708 7.02 1994 2.248 1.661 11.683 0.596 6.69 1995 2.044 1.778 11.15 0.466 6.80 1996 1.067 2.084 11.583 1.231 5.23 1997 2.189 1.283 11.542 2.657 5.38 1998 3.377 0.667 11.067 2.621 5.46 1999 3.287 0.533 10.458 3.147 6.17 2000 3.686 1.716 9.083 1.452 5.05 2001 1.834 1.606 8.392 1.756 4.86 2002 0 .928 1.885 8.908 1.247 4.29 2003 0.901 2.141 8.892 0.723 4.51 2004 2.54 2.143 9.258 0.541 4.84 2005 1.826 1.751 9.283 -0.485 4.50 2006 2.468 1.669 9.242 -0.576 4.55 2007 2.289 1.49 8.375 -1.003 3.70 2008 -0.083 2.817 7.817 -1.744 4.6 2009 -3.146 0.099 9.5 -1.333 4.70 2010 1.664 1.493 9.729 -1.558 3.12 2011 1.693 2.141 9.633 -1.95 3.32 2012 0.122 1.924 10.138 -1.734 2.54 References Boyes, W., Melvin, M. (2010). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Couleaud, A., Delamarre, F. (2010). Frances national economic wealth declined in 2009 for the second year in a row. Paris, France: Banque de France. Gap-Minder. (2013). The wealth of nations. Web. IMF. (2013). Economic data. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/index.htm Kabundi, A., Simone, F. (2011). France in the global economy: A stractural approximation dynamic factor model anlysis. Empirical Economics, 41(2), 311-342. Miotti, L., Sachwald, F. (2004). Growth in France from 1950-2030: The innovati on challange. Paris, France: IFRI. World Bank. (2013). World development indicators. Web.

Behavioral Science Essay Example

Behavioral Science Essay Example Behavioral Science Essay Behavioral Science Essay 595,000 people, most likely men, women, handicapped, aged, kick, prisoners of war, forced laborers, camp inmates, critics, homosexuals, Jews, Slavs, Seers, Germans, Czech, Italians, Poles, French, Ukrainians, and many others. (1992) Or. Josef Mangle, nicknamed The Angel of Death, and other Nazi doctors had a chance to study science without the hindering voices of humanitarianism. The death camps tortured men, women, and children with medical experiments previously designated for only animals. Victims were exposed to experimental surgeries, injected with lethal germs, and made to endure sex change operations. Often times, victims limbs and organs were removed to study their reactions. Mangle injected chemicals into the eyes of children in an attempt to change their eye color. He carried out twin-to-twin transfusions, stitched twins together, and castrated or sterilized them. Eugenics had come to fruition and science, the new religion, had reared its ugly head for all to see. By the end of WI, the stench of death grew thicker with the discovery Of Germanys racial hygiene. The sheer magnitude of bodies was enough to send any eugenicist backbreaking. As quickly as it had exploded, the flames of eugenics were extinguished. The public, in view of this social anathema, felt utterly disturbed and disgusted. Support for eugenics programs fell to a silence in the Western World; a price that would force many scientists to resent their burden of Hitler. The Slim peppery Slope It is said, you can kill a man, but you cannot destroy what he stands for. In much the same way, the ideology of eugenics has survived the holocaust. For years, it has lurked in the periphery of science and news media; but, as the resonating effects of WI have begun to wear off, technology has restored faith in science. Once again, American culture finds itself particularly susceptible to the dangerous ideology of behavioral genetics. The haunting words Of Gallon still echo a clear progression of academia, practical policy, and then national consciousness as a new religion (Caving-Coffee, 2000). Already, America is taking steps toward the catastrophe of history repeating itself. At the heart of American consciousness is a belief that hard work and perseverance can overcome any disadvantage of wealth or class. The history of the U. S. Is filled with entrepreneur tales of the American dream. In fact, many individuals have risen from poverty to gain prosperity, wealth, and political power. Those who prosper, by either personal achievement or airtight, have difficulty accepting the problems that social order may provide for those in deficiency. Consequently, many of these conservatives believe that social stratification is a natural result of variation in talent and character (Miller, 1996). In view of Americas Social policies, conservatives can become resentful and even racist. Conservatives within the academic world have nurtured eugenics back from the ashes. With the help of an ancient foundation, The Pioneer Fund, the new movement has been able to break ground in modern research. In 1 937, Harry Guilin and eugenic colleagues formed the foundation as a tool to promote horses of black inferiority (Miller, 1983). Under the guise of behavioral science, millions of dollars have been donated to help the eugenic cause Once again reach fruition. Thomas Boucher, a leading psychologist at the University of Minnesota, has received large sums of money from the Pioneer Fund to research the traits of twins separated at birth and reared apart. According to Buckboards results, intelligence turned out to be 70 percent genetic. Previous research in twin studies had included unethical experimentation (Josef Mangle) and even deception (Sir Cyril Burt). Crucial experimentation such as this is often prone o fraudulent claims. Strangely enough, Boucher did not release the methodology of his findings; so, no other scientists could examine how he found these high results. By doing this, Boucher has guaranteed that no one can disprove him. Authors Richard Hermiston and Charles Murray made a similar claim in their pioneer funded book, The Bell Curve. The book claims that inherited intelligence is the main determiner of a persons potential. Hermiston and Murray take the complex idea of intelligence and presume to measure it objectively through written tests. They conclude from their finding hat whites are genetically more intelligent than blacks are; this idea parallels that of the Pioneer Fund. Accordingly, there is no amount of social progress that can change the genetic inferiority of certain races. Through a book of statistics and scientific jargon, the have-knots are once again told that their lives are futile. The book conveniently explains much of the economic inequality in American society, while simultaneously guaranteeing that only intelligent types can understand it. For those that can understand it, the message is clear: reduce the number of children born to low IQ mothers. The kook does well to euthanize low-end society and it provides a suggestion for an easy cleanup. According to Hermiston and Murray, low IQ accounts for poverty, class status and criminal activity. By eliminating welfare and tightening immigration (sound familiar), you eliminate the members at the bottom of society and the poverty and delinquency along with them. In eugenic fashion, The Bell Curve captivated the nation and gained exposure on major media outlets such as Nightline, New York Times, and Rolling Stone magazine. Another major publication, Crime and Human Nature, by Hermiston and Wilson looked into criminal behavior. Hermiston and Willows research characterized a criminal stereotype. In a whopping generalization, they were able to define typical age, sex, intelligence, personality, and even body structure of a criminal. This data predicted what a defective criminal looks like. The movie Minority Report expands upon this very design, judging and convicting people before they commit a crime. How ever unlikely it is for science fiction to become a reality, it is hard not to acknowledge American cultures fascination with genetic criminal behavior. This fascination has resulted in a recent government program called the Violence Initiative. It has dumped millions of dollars into research focused on the biological roots of violence. Dry. Frederick Goodwin, now head of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Was once the head Of the Violence Initiative; however, he stepped down after a stint of racial statements. While explaining the program, he declared that the Violence Initiative was designed to try to find out who might be more likely to go on to becoming labeled eventually as delinquent or criminal (Bringing, 1993). The demographic here is unfortunately children. Today, parents throughout America are told that the problems their children eve adjusting at home and school are biologically based. Already millions of children are behaviorally controlled by means of psychotropic drugs such as Rattail, Dexedrine, and Derail. With society focus on drugs and the huge resulting drug industry, it is no surprise that dangerous research with children has been approved. In 1998, researchers in New York selected 100 African American and Latino boys to test their violent behavior. The boys were chosen because their older brothers had been through the criminal justice system. The recently recalled drug fingernail was given to the children in he hopes that the drug which triggers the brain to release serotonin, could lessen aggression (Learn, 1998). The study exploited the children with their use of stereotypes and generalizations, but this was not the first time male aggression had been studied. On Seep. 7, 1968, an English medical journal Lancet held an article on the 47-SEXY eukaryote. This genetic condition bestowed upon its owner an extra Y-chromosome (instead of the common 46-XX). Since the Y chromosome was known to be responsible for the development of male physical traits, it was thought that the extra Y might account for extra maleness. To many scientists, this meant more aggressive, irresponsible, and criminal behavior that is specific to men. The author, Nielsen, claimed that the prevalence Of SEXY within the prison system is 25-60 times higher than general population levels. The study, based upon conjecture and small sample size, was found to be completely erroneous; but nonetheless, the findings excited the science world and mesmerisms the public. Quite suddenly and absolutely, anyone with SEXY was characterized as a criminal. The media only reinforced this sentiment by featuring serious criminals presumed to have the genetic defect. Despite falsifying evidence against the SEXY criminality, American cultures interest and belief in the issue has not been destroyed. The American media often report researchers findings long after they have been disproved. Since so much of the modern world relies on science and technology, many people have been bred into a type of blind faith in its decisions. The SEXY situation is a good example of science leading society astray. The erroneous findings of few lead to the characterization and maltreatment of many. American culture stands at a pivotal point within contemporary law and public policy as the behavioral emetics movement threatens to invade. In recent news, eugenics has been seen. A program in Southern California was formed to help stop defectives from propagating. The program offered drug addicted women with a history of bearing children $200 for voluntary sterilization or long-term birth control. The program, called CRACK (Children Requiring a Caring Community), advertised their proposal by sending out fliers with the message, Dont let pregnancy ruin your drug habit (Riposte and Watt, 1998). This program was designed specifically to keep the drug addicts down, while ensuring they do to reproduce. Another contemporary issue has been the resurfacing of euthanasia. Dry. Jack Savoring used the dubious justification of terminally ill people to reject life-prolonging treatment in his assisted suicides. Through much of the controversy surrounding his case, euthanasia was able to once again gain support and become a common banrod. The recent case of Terrier Achieve has illustrated the persistence of the conservative front. Caviars court ordered death was a result of a modern utilitarian ethic that challenges public policy and criminal law in a progressively eugenic outlook. Already Americas closest allies, Great Britain, have begun to tackle the issue of genetic informations influence on criminal law. The Minefield Council on Bioethics in London reported that the use of genetic information be considered when sentencing convicted offenders. They state that: [T]he criminal justice system should be open to new insights from disciplines that it has not necessarily considered in the past. The regular exchange of ideas in this area between researchers in behavioral genetics, criminologists and lawyers could be an effective means of ensuring that legal concepts of accessibility are assessed against current evidence from the behavioral and medical sciences. (Minefield, 2002) This effectively treats criminals different depending on which genes they have, a trait that is out of their control. Despite the uncertain nature of the evidence, genetic use is snowballing toward public law and policy. The field of genetics has given society other law concerns as well. Ideas such as embryo and stem cell research, assisted reproduction, cloning, and DNA prevarication are all new ethical issues that culture will be forced to deal with. Currently, well-informed scientists build their influence for these arguments hill the common nonprofessional becomes another unwitting pawn. The slim peppery slope to full-scale eugenics and possible Nazism comes ever closer. Western culture may be capable of accepting another national consciousness. Many people envision a eugenic future for society that should have happened long ago. They claim that the early eugenic movement was merely a mishap, a product of ignorance and prejudice. A series of resentful statements by noteworthy scientists have tried to debunk the stigma associated with eugenics so that it might again thrive. Scientist Marion Van Court claimed, the Nazis pseudoscience perversion of the eugenics concept had the greatest influence on public opinion, promulgating the notion of eugenics as the ideology of racism and genocide (Van Court, 1982). Van Court fails to see that eugenics is associated with these ignorant notions because the science itself is inherently discriminatory. Others publicly advocate a new eugenics consciousness. Raymond B. Chattel, a renowned psychologist, claimed in an interview that at present, we have unemployment On rather a large scale in most industrialized countries Which can be eliminated only by elimination of emetic lag on the culture (The Eugenics Bulletin, 1984). Chattel, well known for his book Beyond, described the need for a new evolution in religion that would allow eugenic morals and values. Chattel represents classic Coalition eugenics that require a restructuring of civic laws to increase the distance between people of dissimilar race (Miller, 1997). Another significant racist view comes from Dry. William Pierce. Besides founding his own organization for the propagation of the white Anglo race, Pierce has written fictional accounts of what the future holds under a racist eugenic movement. He contends that a systematic extermination of inferior individuals is necessary for the evolution of humankind. It is impossible to deny the proliferation of racist ideology within the scientific community. They seek to carry society into the third and last stage of Gallons model of eugenic success. Conclusion Behavioral geneticists have become the astrologers of the modern era. They have defined behaviors inconsistently, yielded unreliable and non- reproducible results, and used fraudulent methodology that questions their integrity. The field succeeds only in individual cases that typically apply to society through generalization, prejudice, and bigotry. As is usually the case, the heart of the problem has to do with how society uses the results (Learn, 1998); however, behavioral geneticists should be held accountable. The fields reductionism approach limits its thinking to only the tiniest parts, so that they often fail to see the importance of viewing things as a whole. Nevertheless, there should be a realization that scientists have a duty to exercise self-restraint in pressing further those scientific activities that may result in dangers for the whole of humankind (Stone, 1973). As the history in his paper has clarified, the behavioral genetic field is filled with errors, bad intentions, and explosive atrocities. Gallons eugenic ideology gave white Anglo-Saxons a sense of purity and superiority that fueled the flames of Hitters genocide. The total number of sterilizations and deaths the field is responsible for is in the millions. Its blackened history should be enough to stifle its progress, but the field continues to thrust forward. In recent times, Buckboards twin studies, Hermistons academic backing, and the Violence Initiatives governmental support have allowed genetic studies on children ND a continued focus on behavioral genetics.

Cringe Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cringe Story - Essay Example As I was heading towards the restaurant to grab a cup of coffee I saw someone gazing at me from distance. He had a persona like none other, a very charming and a good looking guy was consistently trying to establish eye contact with me and I was consistently pretending as though I had a decision to make but it was a fairly easy one. I went straight to him and introduced myself; he was taken aback initially but settled down like a duck takes to water. He had a very strong personality and a very impressive one too, he was very good at conversing and this was something I was looking for in my ideal man. I knew this was a match made in heaven and this was certainly not the first time I thought so, fickle minded people get carried away very quickly but deep down I knew he was the one. We had a very interesting conversation about the purpose of our trips, he had come there to attend a wedding and also to catch up with a few other friends while I had also come there for the very same purpose, everything seem to be in accord. I was completely blown away with his charm; he was not like the usual guys I had met earlier. He was something special and the way he carried himself was splendid. We inevitably ended up exchanging numbers and I got a call from him the very same night, we spoke for hours without realizing it, the time just flew past. He was never shy of offering his helping hand when I needed it the most, I remember him bailing me out of trouble many a time. Likewise, I tried to help him as much as I possibly could. We also started going out together more often than not, I got to know him better and he also had several opportunities to know me better. Upon looking back I realize that mundane day was not mundane after all and we were destined to meet on that particular day. Today we have taken our friendship one step forward, we have decided to get engaged and the future

Canadas Electoral System at the Federal level. Political Participation Essay

Canadas Electoral System at the Federal level. Political Participation in Canada - Essay Example This has not been the situation in Canada. Appointive change has been an exceedingly wrangled about the issue all through Canadian legislative issues. As of now, Canada's appointive framework is being addressed for its powerlessness to mirror the political perspectives of its residents. The single member plurality system (SMP), which Canada utilizes to create a just election, can make agents be chosen without most of the well-known votes. Interestingly, the arrangement of proportional representation disposes of a disparity in parliament synthesis by guaranteeing representation from each gathering that got votes. Despite the fact that this framework would unavoidably bring about minority governments, it would properly take into account the perspectives of the constituents. To create a more successful government, Canada's single member plurality framework ought to be supplanted by an arrangement of proportional representation (PR). Single Member Plurality framework vs Proportional Representation Canada's present single member plurality appointive framework is frequently depicted as a "first past the post† framework. The path, in which this framework capacity works, is that every voter is permitted one vote and the competitor with the most votes (or a majority) gets to be chosen. Then again, proportional representation can be expert through a large number of discretionary strategies. However, for accommodation, we will concentrate essentially on the two most outstanding frameworks: party list framework, and mixed member proportionality. Finally, we will conclude with answering which electoral system would be best for Canada at the federal level?

Jacobs and Douglass' Narratives Regarding the True Escape from Slavery Research Paper

Jacobs and Douglass' Narratives Regarding the True Escape from Slavery - Research Paper Example \Writers such as Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass provide examples of the dehumanizing elements of slavery, hinted when Jacobs comments â€Å"Slavery is terrible for men, but is more terrible for women†, while also providing clues as to how slavery might be escaped through education as in Douglass’ statement, â€Å"You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall now see how a slave was made a man.† These examples and clues can be found in Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Both books bring into sharp relief the miserable conditions of a slave’s life and the ways in which it dehumanized the black people. Douglass sadly informs the reader that he is uncertain of his age or the day he was born and, although his mother died when he was seven years old, he was relatively unaffected by the news as he had been separated from her since infancy. â€Å"Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of [my mother’s] death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger† (Douglass Ch. 1). By the time Douglass was seven, he had learned of the death of his mother, watched his aunt brutally whipped and had taken his own place at work in the fields. He describes the life of the slave, illustrating its bestial level of survival existence and the types of behaviors they were expected to exhibit when they were in the presence of their mas ters. Jacobs also focuses on the brutality of slavery in her description of early life as a slave girl actively pursued by a lascivious slave owner. The only way she can avoid becoming her master’s black mistress at the age of 15 is to give herself up to another white man of her own choosing. â€Å"I shed bitter tears that I was no longer worthy of being respected by the good and pure